Diễn trình Mĩ thuật Viet Nam qua một số kiệt tác tiêu biểu

VAN HOA NGHI^ THUAT TROMC MIT^C 
DIEN TRINH MY THUAT VIET NAM 
• • 
QUA MOT SO KIET TAC TIEU BIEU 
NGUYfiN VAN Cl/ONG 
My thu^t 1^ mot 
trong nhiifng loai 
hinh ngh6 thu^t c6 
ljch siii lau doi nhat. 
C<ic nhd kbio co da 
tim thay nhieu hire 
hoa c6 nien dai tir 
75.000-95.000 nam 
trifdio tai chau Phi. 
Bufc tugng co nhat 
Id tugng phu niif 
l(hda than dirge tac 
bdng ngd voi ma 
miit dugc tim thd'y 6 
hang Hohle Fels it 
tdy nam nudc Diic 
c6 nien dai 35.000 
ndm. 0 Viet Nam, 
hinh ve mat nguai 
cb simg tren ddu d 
hang Dong Ngi (Hoa 
Binh) c6 nien dai 
10.000 ndm; nhirng 
hinh khac nguoi, 
muong thu, chir 
CO... tren bai dd co 
Sapa (Ldo Cai) c6 
nien dai cung vdi 
chuc ngdn ndm vd' 
trudc. Khong chi Id 
phuong tien phan 
dnh the gidi, my 
thudt cdn Id phuong 
tien the hidn tu 
tudng, tinh cdm ciia 
con ngudi. 
My thuat bao gdm 3 loai hinh CO ban, gdm didu khic, hdi hpa, kiln 
trfle. Ngay nay, my thuat dupc md 
rpng vl loai hinh va hien dien trong 
mpi linh vye cua ddi sd'ng vdi chat 
lieu, phuang tien, phuang thflc bieu 
dat dudng nhu vd gidi han. 
Kiet tie (masterpiece) la tic 
phim nghe thuat dac sic. Kiet tie 
tieu bilu la tic phim nghe thuat cd 
tfnh chat dai dien cho mpt thdi ky 
phit trien cua nghe thuat, chfla 
dung va phan Inh Ijch su, van hda, 
van minh cua dan tpc da san sinh 
nd. Kiet tac my thuat tieu bilu ed 
the vupt ra khdi pham vi cua loai 
hinh nghe thuat, trd thinh bilu 
tupng cho d thdi ky ljch su, nin 
van hda, tham chf d mpt thdi dai. 
Chang han, trdng ddng Ngtx Lu 
khdng chi la bieu tupng cua van 
hda Viet Nam, ml cdn la bieu 
tupng cfla d thdi dai Ddng San ndi 
tie'ng. 
Mdi mpt giai doan ljch su cd thi 
cd nhilu kiet tic. Kiet tie my thuat 
tieu bieu dupc xlc djnh theo d c 
tieu chi sau: ndi tieng trong pham vi 
qudc gia, qudc te; cd gia trj nghe 
thuat ndi bat, dat dinh cao, the hien 
sy sang tao, sy ddc dao trong linh 
vye my thuat; cd gia trj ljch su, van 
hda tieu bilu, cd the dai dien cho 
mdt giai doan phat triin cua my 
thuat, cfla van hda. 
Rd rang, d c tieu chf tren chi cd 
tfnh dinh tfnh, bdi trong linh vuc 
van hda nghe thuat khd ma su dung 
d c tieu chf djnh luong, cd the can 
dong do dim dupc. 
Mdi mdt thdi ky, mdt trao luu 
trong ljch sii my thuat ndi rieng, 
van hda ndi chung tuan theo quy 
luat ed tinh phd quit, dd II: hinh 
thanh, phat trien, thoai trao, diet 
vong vl sau dd bit diu mdt thdi ky 
hoac trio luu mdi. Quy luat nay 
chju sy tic dpng cua nhilu yl'u td 
cd tfnh vat chat, xa hdi va ljch sir. 
Diin trinh cua ljch sir my thuat 
dupc ve theo hinh sin, qua dd tren 
mdi dinh cua nd cd d c kiet tic tieu 
bilu. Nhin diin trinh ljch sir qua 
d c kiet tie tya nhu dflng tren cao 
nhin d c dinh nfli de thay dupc dien 
mao toan canh ciia my thuat, qua 
dd cd the phin nao hinh dung ra 
dien mao cua van hda dan tde. 
1. Mpt sd kiet tac my thuat 
tieu bieu 
Vdi 3 tidu chf tren, tie gia lya 
chpn 5 kiet tac tieu bieu cua my 
thuat Viet Nam dl khao cfln: 1. 
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu (Ha Nam); 2. 
Tuong Vu tiU Apsara (Tra Kieu, 
Quang Nam); 3. Tupng Phdt Adidd 
(chua Phat Tfch, Bic Ninh); 4. 
Tupng Phgt Quan dm nghin mat, 
nghin tay (ehua But Thip, Bic 
Ninh) va 5. Buc tranh Thie'u nifben 
hoa hue (Td Ngpc Van). 
Sd312 
Thang 6-2010 
MY THUAT - KIEN TRPC 
Trd'ng ddng Nggc Ld • 
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu II mpt trong nhung 
trdng ddng Ddng Son tieu bieu nhat, dep nhat, 
cd kich thudc ldn, hinh ding chuin myc, cd hoa 
van, hpa tilt phong phfl nhit, dupc phat hien 
vao cud'i TK XIX tai tinh Ha Nam, hien dupe 
trung biy tai Bao tang Ljch su Viet Nam, HI 
Npi. 
Trd'ng cd hinh dang can ddi, mat trd'ng hoi 
trin ra ngoai tang trdng. Trd'ng cd dudng kfnh 
79cm, cao 63cm. Tiian trd'ng cd 3 phin: 1. phin 
tren phinh ra gpi la tang, ndi liln vdi mat trd'ng; 
2. phan giua than trd'ng hinh tru thing dflng; 3. 
phin chan hoi loe thanh hinh ndn cut. Cd 4 
chie'c quai chia lam hai cap gin vao tang va 
phin giua trd'ng, dupc trang trf hinh ben tliUng. 
Hoa van dupe trang trf d tren mat trd'ng va than 
trd'ng. Hoa van cd 3 loai. Hoa van hinh hpc: cd 
cac loai hinh tam giac, hinh ehu S nghieng giy 
khfle, hinh trdn, dau cham nhd, vach song 
song...; hoa van hinh ngudi, dpng vat: hinh 
ngudi mfla, thdi ken, tay d m riu, d m giao, ddi 
trai gii d m chay gia cdi..., hinh huou, chim (cd, 
vac, seu), chd; hoa van hinh dd vat: nha cua, 
thuyin, vfl khf (giio, cung ten), cdng cu (riu, 
chay cdi), trang phuc (vay, mu ldng chim)... 
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lfl II mpt kiet tic cfla 
nghe thuat trang trf. Cac hoa van cd tfnh deh 
dieu cao, rit dep vl dpc dao. Tao hinh than 
trdng rat hai hda, cd tfnh bieu tupng. Trdng 
ddng Ngpc Lu chfla dung quan niem vfl try 
quan, nhan sinh quan ddi hdi chflng ta phai tiep 
tuc nghien cfln, giai ma. Le Van Sieu nhan djnh 
mat trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu II bd ljch cua ngudi 
xua (1). Quan niem chung cho ring trd'ng ddng 
II nhae khf, dflng trong te ll va danh tran. Gin 
day, cd y kiln cho ring trd'ng ddng la vat thieng 
de thd, gin vdi tfn ngudng phdn thyc cfla cu dan 
ndng nghiep. Trd'ng ddng cd tupng hinh cfla cdi 
(sinh thyc khf nu), cua co thi phu nu. Dung 
chiy (sinh thyc khf nam), gia vao trd'ng ddng la 
trinh diin hanh vi tfnh giao, d u sinh sdi nay 
nd, phong dang hda cd'c. 
Trdng ddng Ngpc Lu dat hau he't d c tieu chf 
eua mdt kiet tac tieu bieu, cd gia trj ndi bat vl 
ljch su va van hda nghe thuat. Nd da vuot qua 
pham vi la mdt san pham cfla nghe nhan, trd 
thinh kiet tie my thuat tieu bieu md diu cho 
ljch su my thuat va ljch su van hda Viet Nam. 
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lfl da trd thanh bilu tupng 
cho van hda Viet Nam vl la bieu tuong cho d 
nin van minh Ddng Son ndi tieng. 
Tugng Vii ni} Apsara 
Pho tupng Vu nu' Apsara d be tupng Tra Kieu 
(Quang Nam) cd nien dai vao cud'i TK X. Pho 
tupng tac hinh mdt cd gai cd khudn mat diy 
dan, sd'ng mfli cao, mit to, mdi day vdi diy du 
dac diem nhan chfl ... gd (tupng Phat Quan am nghin mit, 
nghin tay) va I san ddu (tranh Thilu nu ben hoa 
hue). Ddng, da, gd la chat heu tu ty nhien vl tai 
chd, cdn son diu II chit lieu cdng nghiep dupc 
nhap tu phuang Tay. 
Vl tie gia cfla kiet tic thi chi xac djnh dupc 
2/5 (Truang Thp Nam (?) vl Td Ngpc Van), cdn 
hiu hit d c tic gia II nghe nhan, nghe si dan 
gian va hp khdng dupe ghi danh trong tie phim. 
Vl chu dl, hiu he't d c kiet tic (4/5 kiet tac 
= 80%) cd gin vdi tdn giao, tfn ngudng, dac 
biet II Phat giao thyc sy cd anh hudng manh me 
ddi vdi sang tao van hda nghe thuat. Ta cung ed 
thi dl dang nhan thay dilu tuang ty d thdi dai 
Phuc hung d c kiet tie my thuat (tranh, tupng, 
kiln trfle) cua d c danh hpa vl dai nhu 
Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphaen, Michelangelo... 
diu cd chu dl Thien chfla giio. 
Vl nhan vat cua d c kiet tie thi nhdn vdt nU 
cd 3/5 (=60%), gdm Vfl nfl Apsara, Phat Quan 
am nghin, mit nghtn tay, Thieu nu ben hoa hue, 
chua kl Phat Adida diy chit nu' tfnh, trd'ng 
ddng Ngpc Lu cd tupng hinh cfla cdi, bilu 
tupng sinh thuc khi nUcung thupc pham trfl tfnh 
nu (tfn ngudng phdn thyc). Dilu dd cho tha'y 
Thang 6-2010 
so 312 p , 
VAN HOA NGHF T H U A T TROMC MU^C 
ndng nghiep lfla nudc, vdi che dp miu he vl tfn 
ngudng d u sy sinh sdi, nay nd da Inh hudng 
de'n dac dilm van hda dan tpc va my thuat cflng 
phan anh tfnh chit nay trong d c kiet tac. 
Vl dja dilm thi rieng tinh Bic Ninh cd 2 
kiet tic II tupng Phat AdidI, Phat Quan am 
nghin mit, nghin tay. Dilu nay dl hilu bdi 
manh dit Bic Ninh khi vao thdi ky diu cdng 
nguyen da la trung tam Phat giao Luy Lau phdn 
thjnh, vang danh mdt thdi trong ljch sfl, vdi 
nhilu cao tang An Dp va chfla chiln dupc xay 
dyng. 
< i^et tac tieu 
)ieu 
"ronj: J o n g 
"Jgoc Lu 
/a nu Apsara 
'hai Adida 
'ha i Quan a m 
ghin mat . 
ighin lav 
Tiieu nCr ben 
loa hue 
The; loai 
Dieu khac 
- t rang In' 
Dieu Ichac 
Dieu khac 
Dieu khic 
Hoi hoa 
Chat 
lieu 
Dong 
Da 
Da 
G o 
San 
diu 
Nien 
dai 
TK 
Vl l -V 
TCN 
T K X 
TK 
XI 
TK 
XVl l 
TK 
XX 
Tac gia 
Khuvel 
danh 
Khuyet 
danh 
Khuyet 
danh 
TmiTng 
Tho 
Nam (•') 
To 
Ngoc 
van 
Nhan 
vat 
Co Iinh 
nS 
Na 
Co Iinh 
na 
Na 
Na 
Ton giao. 
tin nguong 
Tin nguong 
phon thuc 
An D o giao 
Phat giat) 
Phai giao 
Khong 
Mdi quan he giifa vdn hda vd my thudt 
Diin trinh cua my thuat song hanh trong 
ddng chay van hda. Thanh tyu cfla my thuat 
cung la thanh tuu cua van hda, phan anh dac 
dilm. tinh chit cua mdi giai doan ljch su cfla 
van hda. 
Theo Trin Ngpc Them, tie'n trinh van hda 
Viet Nam cd the chia thanh 6 giai doan: 1. van 
hda thdi tiin su, 2. van hda Van Lang - Au Lac, 
3. van hda thdi chdng Bic thupc, 4. van hda Dai 
Viet, 5. van hda Dai Nam va 6. van hda hien 
dai. Siu giai doan nay tao thanh ba ldp chdng 
len nhau: 1. Idp van hda ban dja, 2. ldp van hda 
giao luu vdi Trung Hoa va khu vye, 3. \&p van 
hda giao luu vdi phuang tay (8). 
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu la san pham cua ldp 
van hda ban dja. Thanh tyu Idn nhit cua giai 
doan nay sau nghi trdng Ifla nudc la nghi luyen 
kim ddng. Trd'ng ddng Ddng San xuit hien vio 
nhung TK VII-V TCN, gin vdi thdi dai nha 
nudc Van Lang, Au Lac. Mac du Ijch su cfla 
thdi dai d c vua Hflng chua dupe tranh luan nga 
ngfl nhung hoa van va d c hoat dnh tren trd'ng 
ddng da phan anh phin nao xa hdi cua nen van 
minh ndng nghiep ngay Iy. Trd'ng ddng Ddng 
San ndi chung va trdng ddng Ngpc Lfl ndi rieng 
la bd licit su bdng hinh vl xa hpi Lac Viet. Xa 
hdi Iy phai cd trinh dp ky thuat va tay nghe rit 
cao cfla nghe nhan mdi cd the dfle dupc san 
pham cd dp phuc tap de'n nhu vay. Cd y kien 
eho ring xa hpi Lae Viet da phit trien den trinh 
dp cd nha nudc mdi cd the td chuc khai quang, 
luyen kim, cd trinh dp khoa hpc nhat djnh mdi 
tim dupc vat lieu chiu lua de lam khuon due, 
hieu bie't tfnh nang hda ly cua hop kim ddng... 
Xa hdi a'y da cd phan ting xa hdi, phan hda giau 
ngheo dupc phan anh trong hien vat tfly tang d 
cac ngdi md. Day cflng chfnh la giai doan da 
tao nen dinh cao rye rd trong ljch su van hda va 
cd anh hudng din toan khu vye. 
Ba kiet tac tupng Vfl nu Apsara, Phat Adida 
vl Phat Quan am nghin mit, nghin tay thudc ve 
ldp van hda Dai Viet, khi dan tpc Viet da vupt 
thoat khdi ngan nam Bic thupc va budc vao giai 
doan ty chfl. Trong giai doan nay, van hda dan 
tpc cd sy du nhap cfla Phat giao (d miin Trung 
la An Dp giao) va sau nay cd Nho giio va Dao 
giio. Thdi dai Ly - Trin chflng kiln sy phat 
triin cyc thjnh cfla Phat giao Viet Nam. Sy sung 
kfnh, d m hflng sang tao va thien tai cua nghe 
nhan da tao ra kiet tac tieu bieu cho van hoa 
Phat giio Viet Nam. Trong sir sich Trung Hoa 
cdn truyin tung vl bd'n cdng trinh nghe thuat 
ldn cfla van hda Phat giio thdi Ly - Trin ma hp 
gpi II An Nam tUdgi khi, dd II tU0ig Phdt chiia 
Quynh Ldm, thdp Bdo Thien, chudng Quy Dien 
va vgc Phd Minh. Ngiy nay, chfla Bai Dinh tan 
ty (Ninh Binh) chua hoan thanh ma da lap cac 
ky luc trong dd cd ky luc vl tupng ddng ldn 
nhit Ddng Nam A nhu: tupng Phat Td 100 tan, 
3 pho Tam The 50 tan, Phat Di Lac 100 tan va 
Quan The Am 90 tin... 
Thyc ra, kiet tie Vfl nu Apsara thupc vao 
ddng chiy rieng cua van hda Cham tu TK II de'n 
XV. Day la mdt nin van hda cd sy phat triin rue 
rd cua nghe thuat kiln true va dieu khic, dac 
biet kie'n trfle thap Cham cflng la kiet tic my 
thuat cd tim cd khu vye va the gidi, chfla dung 
nhflng bf In cua nghe thuat va ky thuat xiy 
^ S 6 - 3 , 2 
Thang 6-2010 
MY THUAT - KIEN TRGC 
dyng thip. Nin van hda Cham ed anh hudng vl 
tie'p thu An Do giio, Phat giio va Hdi giio, tao 
ra cho my thuat Cham mdt ban sic dpc dao. 
Giai doan tu TK VII-XVI din II giai doan phit 
trien rye rd cua nghe thuat kiln true vl dieu 
khic vdi hang tram thap, tupng, be thd. Thanh 
dja My San da dupc cdng nhan II Di san van 
hda the gidi. 
Kiet tic Thieu nd ben hoa hue cfla danh 
hpa Td Ngpc Van ra ddi trong bd'i d n h van hda 
Viet Nam bude vao cudc giao luu van hda 
phuang Tay. Sy giao luu, tiep biln dd da lam 
bie'n ddi nin van hda Viet Nam tren mpi 
phuang dien, dac biet trong linh vuc my thuat. 
Viec Phip md Trudng Cao ding My thuat 
Ddng Duong nam 1925 de dao tao hpa si da 
lam eho my thuat Viet Nam sang mdt trang sfl 
mdi. My thuat dupe xay dyng tren co sd tao 
hinh phuang tay, theo tu duy duy Iy, khoa hpc 
eua djnh luat xa gin va giai phlu. Cac chit lieu 
mdi dupc du nhap, trong dd cd son diu, da md 
rpng kha nang diin ta, phan anh hien thyc mdt 
each vd cflng phong phfl. My thuat cd xu hudng 
dan chu hda, gin vdi ddi sd'ng. Tam hdn, cd't 
d e h cua ngudi Viet vin dupc chuyen tai vl thi 
hien dam net trong d c tic phim cfla d c nghe 
si Viet Nam tfl hpa si Le Huy Mien, ngudi Viet 
Nam diu tien hpc ve tai Phap, den the he diu 
dan hpc Trudng Cao ding My thuat Ddng 
Duong nhu Nguyin Gia Trf, Td Ngpc Van, Trin 
Van Cin, Nguyin Phan Chanh, Nguyin Dd 
Cung, Nguyin Tu Nghiem, Nguyin Sang, Bfli 
Xuan Phai, Duong Bfch Lien... Cic bflc tranh 
cua hp rat khic tranh Phap ma rit Viet Nam 
trong bd cue, miu sic, dudng net. Ndi tieng 
trong sd dd phai kl den d c bflc tranh tieu bilu 
nhu Em Thdy (Trin Van Cin), Chen 6 dn quan 
(Nguyin Phan Chanh), Gidng (Nguyin Tu 
Nghiem), Kit nap Ddng tren trgn dia (Nguyin 
Sang)... 
Bflc tranh Thieu nuc ben hoa hue cfla hpa si 
Td Ngpc van la mpt minh chflng thi hien rit rd 
sy giao luu tie'p bie'n van hda thi hien trong linh 
vye my thuat. Chit lieu son diu ve tren toan, 
hinh hpa va giai phlu cfla nhan vat theo ky 
thuat tao hinh phuang Tay. Nhan vat la con 
ngudi cu the cfla mdt khoang khic cua ddi 
sdng, mac do ddi (mpt kit qua giao luu tiep 
biln van hda), trong khung d n h tho mdng cfla 
ddi sd'ng thj dan. Thie'u nu dupc ve vdi ky thuat 
hinh hpa vung vang. Mae dfl dupc ve theo ldi 
hien thyc, nhung khdng tia tdt, di sau vao chi 
tilt nhu ldi ve phuong tay. Khd'i dupc don gian 
hda, ddi chd chi gpi dl diin ta khd'i, gian lupc 
td'i da dp chuyen dam nhat. Ddi chd hpa si 
buong vai net but rit chit lpc, tao dp nha'n. 
Nhin chung toan bp tac pham dupc gian lupc vl 
miu, khdi va hinh ma vin diin ta dupc anh 
sang va khdng gian. Phai chang dd d i ridng, 
d i ddc dao cfla Td Ngpc Van trong kiet tic 
Thieu nd ben hoa hue. 
Bieu dd dien trinh my thiicgt qua cdc kiet tac 
tieu bieu 
^ ^ ^ ^ 
GBVH 
Tien SLF 
-10 10 20 
GDVH 
Van Lang 
-Au L?c 
GDVH 
Ch6ng Bic thuOc 
GDVH 
Oai Vi$t 
GDVH 
Dai Nam 
GDVH 
hi0n dai 
1 - Tr6ng Shng Ngpc Lu 
2 - Tu'p'ng Vu ni> Apsara 
3 - Tu'gng PhSt Adida 
4 - Tu'tj'ng Ph#t Quan am nghin mSt nghin tay 
5 - Tranh "Thiiu r\vi ben hoa hu#" 
3. Thay Idi ket luan 
My thuat Viet Nam cd ljch su hing ngan 
nam, gin vdi d c giai doan vl cac ldp van hda. 
Qua trinh ljch su Iy da san sinh ra d c kiet tic 
trong dd cd d c kiet tic tieu bilu, da phan Inh 
khi diy du d c dac dilm, tfnh chit cfla d c giai 
doan vl d c ldp van hda. 
Ddng chay my thuat khdng phai lflc nao 
cflng thuan ddng. My thuat Ddng Son phit trien 
vdi dinh cao rye rd vdi nghe thuat trang trf vdi 
dat de'n tuyet my, nhung lui tan va bj gian doan 
trong thdi gian ngin nam Bic thupc. Giai doan 
tilp nd'i sau khi dan tpc da budc vio giai doan 
ty chu thi nghe thuat trang trf each dieu vdi d c 
mdtip hinh hgc khdng dupc tilp ndi, chi cdn 
Thang 6-2010 
S S 3 1 2 ^ 
VAN HOA NGHE THUAT TROMC UVttC 
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vang vpng trdn cap vay Mudng (Tii Chi) va mai 
mai khie'n chflng ta nguong md di san cfla cha 
dng dupc phat Id tu trong ldng dat. 
Tdn giao, tfn ngudng cd vai trd be dd cho 
d c thanh tyu my thuat. Vdi nen my thuat Ddng 
San, tfn ngudng phdn thyc dupc bieu hien diy 
dfl vl toan dien nhat tren trd'ng ddng; Phat giio 
la ngudn cam hflng to ldn de ngudi nghe si da 
sing tao ra nhung kiet tic dieu khic tuyet my, 
cflng nhu An Dp giio dd'i vdi nghe thuat kien 
true va dieu khic Cham, tfn ngudng thd thanh 
hoing ling vdi my thuat dinh lang... 
Nhin chung, my thuat dan gian vin la net 
ehu dao cua di san my thuat truyin thdng. 
Nhflng ngudi nghe nhan, nghe si dan gian vd 
danh nhimg da sang tao ra mpt khd'i luong di 
san van hda dac sic, thi hien tii trf, tham my 
cua ngudi Viet qua kiln trfle, dieu khic. 
Viet Nam ed qua trinh giao luu, tiep bien vdi 
van hda Trung Hoa, mdt nin van hda ldn cd sy 
phit trien manh me cua hdi hpa, cd ly luan tao 
hinh vdi Luc phdp ludn tu TK VI sdm nhat trdn 
the gidi, cd danh hpa ndi tieng the gidi nhung 
hpi hpa Viet Nam truyin thd'ng hiu nhu khdng 
ed giao luu, tiep bien vdi hpi hpa Trung Hoa va 
hpi hpa truyin thd'ng Viet Nam khdng cd thanh 
tiru nhu didu khic va kien trfle. 
Budc vao thdi ky hien dai, mac diu trong 
bd'i dnh thudc dja, bj bflc nhan van hda phuang 
tay, ngudi Viet vin tiep thu va tiep bien d c gii 
trj van hda nhan loai de lam giau cho van hda 
cua minh. Chi trong vdng hai thap ky (tfl 1925 
de'n 1945), d c the he hpa si cfla Trudng Cao 
ding My thuat Ddng Duong da tiep thu nghe 
thuat tao hinh phuong tay de dat nin mdng cho 
my thuat Viet Nam hdm nay, vua cd tfnh hien 
dai, vfla cd tfnh dan tpc. 
Do khudn khd cua bii khao cfln ndn cdn 
nhung kiet tie eung rat dang ty hio cua my 
thuat Viet Nam chua dupc dl cap nhu kie'n trfle 
va dieu khic dinh lang cua d c ngdi dinh lang 
tieu bieu Tay Ding, Chu Quyen, Dinh Bang...; 
d c ngdi chfla Tay Phuong, Bflt Thap...; nhi thd 
da Phit Diem...; dac biet la nghe thuat kiln trfle 
thip Cham, my thuat cd dd Hue, my thuat giai 
doan hien dai... 
Han nira, trong d c kiet tac my thuat tieu 
bieu cdn rit nhilu van dl cdn an chfla, ddi hdi 
chung ta can tiep tuc khim pha va giai ma • 
N.V.C 
1. Xem Le Van Sieu, Viet Nam Vdn minh su, 
hUp://tusacti.thuvienkhoahoc.com 
2. Trong bai minh van khic tren tam bia Van Phiic dai 
thien III bi nien hieu Chi'nh Hoa nam thti 7 (1687) hien 
dtmg truoc nha td cua chua, co doan viei: "Vua thd' ba 
tridu Ly, nam Long Thiiy Thai Binh 4 (ttic nam 1057) cat 
len cay thap quy cao nghin truang, lai dtmg lap pho tucmg 
minh vang cao sau xich...". 
3. Can cii vao phong each va hoa tiei ciia hoa van, co y 
kie'n cho ring bt tuong da duoc lam lai cf doi Le. De'n khi 
phuc che'pho tuong nam 1959 da phat hien be tuong bj thie'u 
di mpt khoi cau. Can cu vao do co the xac dinh chieu cao 
pho tuong CO the them 60cm nira (theo Trang Thanh Hidn). 
4. iyi€ kiet gid co hai loai: kiei gia toan phin va ban 
kiei gia. Kiel gia toan phan la 16 2 long ban chSn tren diii, 
con gpi la t.\\€ hdng ma. Ban kiei gia chi 16 mpt long ban 
chan trai hoac phai, con gpi la hang ma 16 ban chan phai 
va hang ma lp ban chan trai. Ao phQ toan bp phan d&i nen 
kho xac dinh la nhan vat ngoi kiei gia hay ban kiei gia {Til 
dien bieu tupng vdn hoa the gidi, Nxb Dd Ndng, 1997). 
5. Nam 1947, chiia Phat Tfch bj Phap pha hiiy, diu 
pho tupng Adida bi gay. De'n 1956-1957, diu tuong duoc 
phuc che theo tu lieu anh chtip luu trir tai Vien Vien d6ng 
Bac CO. 
6. Tren be tupng ghi: Nam Dong Giao, Thp Nam -
Truang lien .sinh - phiing khic (tam hieu: Nam Dong Giao 
la dia chi, Thp Nam la ten hieu, Truang la hp, tien sinh la 
bac trf gia, phijng khic la phung menh troi dat dung tutmg 
de tho); cung co y kien cho ring nguoi phung khic la 
nguai bo tien ra de thue tha khic tuong, roi cong diic pho 
tupng cho chiia. 
7. Thong ke trong Tit dien vdn hpc (Nxb Khoa hpc Xd 
hoi. Ha Npi, 1983-1984), trong 95 muc tir tac pham van 
hpc Viet Nam thi co 69 tic pham tha va 26 tac pham van 
xu6i, tiic la tho chie'm 72,6% (trong so 26 miic tir van xuoi 
CO rai nhieu tic pham thupc the loai hich, cheo, tu6ng... la 
nhOng the loai mang dam chat tha), dan theo Trin Ngoc 
Them, Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet Nam, Nxb TP.HCM, 
2001.tr.289. 
8. Trin Ngpc Them, Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet 
Nam, Nxb TP.HCM, 2001, tr.75. 
So 312 
Thang 6-2010